Aaron, Daniel. "The Letter and the Spirit." Rev. of The Selected Correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley by Paul Jay, ed. New Republic 13 March 1989: 34. Reviews the book "The Selected Correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley, 1915-1981," edited by Paul Jay.

---. "The Vagaries of Kenneth Burke." Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961. 287-90.

Abbott, Don Paul. "Kenneth Burke's 'Secular Conversion.'" Horns of Plenty: Malcolm Cowley and His Generation 2 (1989): 39-52.

---. "Marxist Influences on the Rhetorical Theory of Kenneth Burke." Philosophy & Rhetoric 7 (1974): 217-33.

---. "Terminology and Ideology: Marxist Influences on the Rhetorical Theory of Kenneth Burke." DAI 34.09A (1973): 145.

Abdulla, Adnan K. Catharsis in Literature. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1985.

Abdulla, Adnan Khalid. "Catharsis: An Analytical Study of Its Meanings and Uses in Modern Literary Criticism (Classicism, Psychoanalysis)." DAI 44.12A (1983): 309.

Since its translation into Latin in 1549, Aristotle's Poetics has been a nexus for continuing debates and discussions. One of the issues of these debates that has survived to the present is catharsis, a term which describes the effect of tragedy on its spectators. Although it is discussed seriously in many disciplines, I deal with catharsis mainly in literary theory and psychology. Chapter One investigates the development of the meanings and interpretations of catharsis from the Ancient Greeks to the Renaissance, down to the nineteenth century when Jakob Bernays revived a therapeutic interpretation of catharsis. Chapter Two deals with the contributions of Freud who, under Bernays's influence, adopted the therapeutic interpretation and modified it to designate a method of psychoanalytic treatment he called "the cathartic treatment." Chapter Three deals with the most important literary critics who were influenced by Freud's insights. They address themselves directly and indirectly to what constitutes catharsis and its mechanisms. The writers I cover are Lionel Trilling, Ernst Kris, Kenneth Burke, and Simon Lesser. In Chapter Four, I consider Formalistic criticism, where critics try to minimize the importance of catharsis in literature. They do so by separating literature from two considerations: first, from its effects on the reader (reader-catharsis); and second, from its author (author-catharsis). The Formalists end up using alternate terms with similar meanings to that of catharsis. The critics I cover are I. A. Richards, T. S. Eliot, Cleanth Brooks, W. K. Wimsatt, and John Crowe Ransom. Chapter Five deals with catharsis in contemporary literary criticism. Modern views are either influenced by Formalism or psychology: contextualism, structuralism, reader-response criticism, phenomenology, and aesthetics of reception. I use for each approach representative critics, such as Eliseo Vivas, Murray Krieger, Northrop Frye, Norman Holland, Wolfgang Iser, and Hans R. Jauss. In conclude that most critics in their interpretation of catharsis either ignore emotions and emphasize intellectual understanding, or vice versa. Neither emphasis explains the complexity of catharsis. Catharsis is an aesthetic experience which involves our emotions in a way that leads to intellectual understanding. It is in this context that catharsis is important to our understanding of the function and purpose of literature.

Abel, Samuel David. "Susanne Langer and the Rhythm of Dramatic Action." DAI 45.05A (1984): 324.

Feeling and Form, Susanne Langer's major work on aesthetics, first appeared more than thirty years ago. Since that time the theories presented in that work have been the subject of much praise and even more criticism. The bulk of this criticism focuses on Langer's assertion that an artwork presents a non-discursive symbol for the form of human feeling. Such an assertion, Langer's critics note, raises problems for arts such as drama which employ discursive language as a material. In order to determine Langer's position in the field of dramatic theory, it is important to reconcile Langer to her critics on this central issue of discursive and non-discursive function. This thesis attempts to find that reconciliation, both through Langer's own writings and through those of her contemporaries. Langer's theory of rhythm provides a fertile common ground. While most theories of rhythm in art take a discursive approach, Langer views rhythm as non-discursive and perceptual. She introduces this concept in a discussion of music, but it applies to dramatic rhythm as well. Through this broad concept of thythm a comprehensive view of dramatic structure may be developed, involving both measurable and non-measurable features. This broad view of drama is reinforced by the theoretical writings of Bernard Beckerman, Jackson Barry, Kathleen George, and Kenneth Burke. The early chapters of the thesis deal with general theory, first summarizing the objections of Langer's critics and then the literature of rhythm theory. Langer's concept of dramatic rhythm is presented; this concept is then expanded through comparison with other sympathetic writers to a more widely applicable view of dramatic structure. The final chapters apply this theory to practical cases of general dramatic structure as well as to special cases such as tragedy, comedy, musical, and verse drama. The conclusion attempts to locate Langer's current status in the field of dramatic theory in light of her expanded theory.

Abrams, P. A. "Individual Authors." Rev. of Kenneth Burke: Literature and Language as Symbolic Action by Greig E. Henderson. Journal of Modern Literature 15.2/3 (1989): 320.

Accardi, Bernard F. "The Epistemological Rhetoric of Autobiography (Augustine, Saint, Bunyan, John, Oliphant, Margaret, Adams, Henry)." DAI 56.04A (1994): 296.

The introductory chapter establishes the premises concerning rhetoric that serve to validate my close reading of the metaphors of autobiographies: using the rhetorical theories of Kenneth Burke, Hayden White, and Michel Foucault, I argue that metaphors, including commonplaces and figures of speech, reflect the ontological assumptions that valorize self-inscription for autobiographers. Of the four texts I examine, the first three--Augustine's Confessions, John Bunyan's Grace Abounding, and Margaret Oliphant's Autobiography--illustrate the way "Neoplatonic" metaphors have been adapted by autobiographers to reinforce epistemological premises that support their self-representational enterprises. I demonstrate how assumptions about self and self-knowledge that have had broad currency throughout the history of Western culture are conceptualized through four different metaphors associated with Christian Neoplatonism: the metaphors of light, dark, journey, and self-gathering. I use the figurative language of the fourth text--Henry Adams's Education--to exemplify a competing metaphoric scheme that reflects an alternative epistemological premise and to illustrate the formal idiosyncrasies that result from shifting philosophical assumptions. I argue that Adams's metaphors are influenced largely by eighteenth-century empiricism and nineteenth-century psychology. They include metaphors of impression, space, economy, and construction. By analyzing the autobiography of Henry Adams, whose understanding of the self and self-knowledge precludes the religious or mystical assumptions associated with Neoplatonism, I show that the impulse toward autobiography varies in different cultural contexts that are filtered through the personal influences on the writer.

Acheson, Katherine O. "Hamlet, Synecdoche and History: Teaching the Tropes Of "New Remembrance."" College Literature 31.4 (2004): 111-34.

In the modern university, giving students a historical understanding of the self in relation to the world is most prominently the responsibility of English Studies. Within English Studies, Shakespeare courses are most often called upon to provide this understanding. This situation is ironic, given that the contraction in offerings in other historical areas is due in part to our desire to diversify the sources of knowledge we present, and displace authors such as Shakespeare from the center of the canon. This article argues that, which we must resist, with Elizabeth Hanson, a "synecdochic Shakespeare," we can make good use of Shakespeare's plays to reveal the complexities, structures and problems of historicism to our students by focusing on the ways in which figurative language works to organize time and meaning. In particular, the essay focuses on synecdoche in "Hamlet." Synecdoche--the taking of a part to represent a whole, which has variously been called the trope of "representation" (Burke) and of memory (Baldo)--is one of the more prevalent figures in the play, and is used to express the diverse and unstable structure of historical understanding throughout. Synecdoche in "Hamlet" therefore provides a tutorial in the compulsion towards, and challenges of, the formation of historical identities. The essays argues that a pedagogical focus on figurative language is not, contrary to what might be expected, a diversion from history (as the absence of discussions of the functions of figurative language from recent, authoritative, collections of essays about teaching "Hamlet" and Shakespeare would suggest), but instead a way to open up the histories--of power, gender, the self, for example--which are the subjects and matter of the tropes of new remembrance with which the essay is concerned.

In the modern university, giving students a historical understanding of the self in relation to the world is most prominently the responsibility of English Studies. Within English Studies, Shakespeare courses are most often called upon to provide this understanding. This situation is ironic, given that the contraction in offerings in other historical areas is due in part to our desire to diversify the sources of knowledge we present, and displace authors such as Shakespeare from the center of the canon. This article argues that, which we must resist, with Elizabeth Hanson, a "synecdochic Shakespeare," we can make good use of Shakespeare's plays to reveal the complexities, structures and problems of historicism to our students by focusing on the ways in which figurative language works to organize time and meaning. In particular, the essay focuses on synecdoche in "Hamlet." Synecdoche--the taking of a part to represent a whole, which has variously been called the trope of "representation" (Burke) and of memory (Baldo)--is one of the more prevalent figures in the play, and is used to express the diverse and unstable structure of historical understanding throughout. Synecdoche in "Hamlet" therefore provides a tutorial in the compulsion towards, and challenges of, the formation of historical identities. The essays argues that a pedagogical focus on figurative language is not, contrary to what might be expected, a diversion from history (as the absence of discussions of the functions of figurative language from recent, authoritative, collections of essays about teaching "Hamlet" and Shakespeare would suggest), but instead a way to open up the histories--of power, gender, the self, for example--which are the subjects and matter of the tropes of new remembrance with which the essay is concerned.

Adams, Robert M. "The Dance of Language." Rev. of Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, 2d edit. by William H. Rueckert. Times Literary Supplement 12 August 1983: 859.

Adams, Robert Martin. "Restorations " Rev. of Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations by William H. Rueckert. The New York Review of Books 20 October 1966: 31-33.

Adams, Robert M. Strains of Discord: Studies of Literary Openness. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1958.

Adegunwa, Adekemi Eniitan. "Chief Obafemi Awolowo, the Greatest President Nigeria Never Had: A Burkeian Analysis Of "This War Is Not for the Extermination of the Ibos. It Is for the Federal Unity of Nigeria and the Happiness of Its People" (Awolowo Obafemi)." DAI 54.11A (1993): 160.

This dissertation takes a rhetorical approach to the understanding of the political career of the renowned Nigerian politician, Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Several of his speeches are discussed while "This war is not for the extermination of the Ibos. It is for the federal unity of Nigeria and the happiness of its people" is analyzed rhetorically using a tool espoused by Kenneth Burke. This speech marked a crucial time in the political career of Awolowo and a turning point in the political history of Nigeria. It exemplifies Awolowo's ever present attempt to promote unity by reconciling conflicts, interests and managing multiple identities with a diverse audience while providing an insight into Awolowo's paradoxical image. The aim of this analysis was to answer the following: First, what are the basic characteristics of Awolowo's rhetoric? Second, is there any pattern from the text that provide an insight into his ideologies, thereby revealing attributes of paradox? Third, can his rhetoric be considered as successful both through identification and the ability to induce cooperation from his audience? The analysis yields the following results: (1) That Awolowo was a man of paradoxical personality, (2) That Awolowo was successful in developing identification with his audience, and (3) That Awolowo was adept at handling multiple audiences but less successful at managing his multiple identities. Overall this study revealed that, in spite of Awolowo's many skills as a politician and an orator, he was not as believable as he perceived himself to have been.

Adell, Sandra. "The Big E(Llison)'S Texts and Intertexts: Eliot, Burke, and the Underground Man." CLA Journal 37.4 (1994): 377-400. Analyzes the intertextuality of the book `The Invisible Man,' by Ralph Ellison. Influence of the book `Notes From Underground,' by Fyodor Dostoevsky; Relevance of the works of T.S. Eliot and Kenneth Burke.

Aeschbacher, Jill. "Kenneth Burke, Samuel Beckett, and Form." Today's Speech 21 (1973): 43.

Aitieri, Charles. "The Qualities of Action: Part Ii." boundary 2 5.3 (1977): 899-17. Discusses ways in which contemporary discussions as of March 1977, of the philosophy of action can be used to develop a critical theory not trapped in the problematic heritage of the New Criticism or in the larger cultural tensions which created the difficulties. Use of readings of the "Iliad, and the 'Odyssey' made in the first part of the essay; Information related to New Criticism and New Critics; Comments on the need to focus literary theory on the concept of action and explanation of the concept of action.

Albrecht, James M. "Saying Yes and Saying No: Individualist Ethics in Ellison, Burke, and Emerson." Publication of the Modern Language Association 114.1 (1999): 46-63.

Alcorn, Marshall. Rev. of Kenneth Burke: Literature and Language As Symbolic Action by Greig E. Henderson. Style 24.1 (1990): 132.

Alcorn, Marshall W., Jr. "Self Structure as a Rhetorical Device: Modem Ethos and the Divisiveness of the Self." Ethos: New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory. Ed. James S. Baumlin and Tita French Baumlin. Dallas: Southern Methodist UP, 1994.

Aldridge, John W. "Remembering Criticism." American Scholar 62.4 (1993): 585-89. Focuses on the field of literary criticism. Differences between how the profession in perceived now and how it was viewed in the past. The age of R.P. Blackmur, John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and others; The School of Letters at Kenyon College; The Christian Gauss Seminars in Criticism at Princeton; More.

Allen, Brenda Jay, and Phillip K. Tompkins. "Vocabularies of Motives in a Crisis of Academic Leadership." Southern Communication Journal 61.4 (1996): 322-31. Describes a study which applies a model about discourse of divorcing individuals to the disintegration of a relationship between a formal organization and one of its employees. Employment of a sociologist's application of Burke's symbolic notion of motives to studies of discursive practices of persons engaged in divorce.

Allen, Gay Wilson. Rev. of Leaves of Grass ONE HUNDRED YEARS AFTER: New Essays by William Carlos Williams, Richard Chase, Leslie A. Fiedler, Kenneth Burke, David Daiches, and J. Middleton Murry. American Literature 27.3 (1955): 433. Reviews the book 'Leaves of Grass One Hundred Years After: New Essays by William Carlos Williams, Richard Chase, Leslie A. Fiedler, Kenneth Burke, David Daiches and J. Middleton Murry,' edited with an introduction by Milton Hindus.

Allen, Virginia. "Some Implications of Kenneth Burke's 'Way of Knwoing' for Composition Theory." JAC: A Journal of Composition Theory.1-2 (1982): 10-23.

Allison, Kimberly Jo. "Rhetoric and Hypermedia in Electronic Textbooks." DAI 64.08A (2003): 388.

By employing the three progressive yet distinctive theoretical/rhetorical approaches to hypertext—poststructural, post-digital, and cinematic—as what Kenneth Burke refers to as terministic screens, this study examines the current state of electronic textbook design to evaluate their added value over printed textbooks—that is, the extent to which eTextbook publishers have embraced the rhetorical principles of hypertext design and moved beyond the traditional book model. Thus, chapters two and three examine the theoretical convergence of hypertext and literary and rhetorical theories, revealing that the best method for conceptualizing the rhetoric of the eTextbook emerges from an understanding of how hypertextual content breaks out of the traditional conceptions of textuality, narrative, and author's and readers' roles. Chapter two, for example, examines hypertextuality as a unique form of writing. Chapter three, then, investigates how the unique textual and technological elements of hypertextuality impact readers' perceptions of narrative order and coherence and develops a view of hypertext narrative through the exploration of hypertext theorists' appropriation of poststructural, rhizomorphic, and cinematic theories of narrative. The findings from the theoretical textual and narratological discussions in chapters two and three are, then, used in chapters four through six to analyze eTextbooks currently available on the World Wide Web. Because Web-based eTextbooks embody a wide range of digital formats, structures, and features, for the purpose of this study these eTextbooks are divided into three major categories: simple eTextbooks, complex eTextbooks, and advanced complex eTextbooks. Simple eTextbooks, the subject of chapter four, include both downloadable and simple hypertext eTextbooks. Chapter five evaluates the three types of complex hypertext eTextbooks: eTextbooks that (1) externally link to hypermediated components (i.e., sound, video, and moving images); (2) primarily offer hypermedia in supplemental texts or companion websites; and (3) intermingle hypermedia elements within the eTextbook content itself. The advanced complex eTextbooks discussed in chapter six reflect emerging forms of Web-based eTextbooks that offer insight into the future potential of this genre of electronic books. Chapter seven concludes this study by proposing a new model for electronic textbooks that encompasses all of the discoveries made in chapters two through six.

Allister, Mark. "A Marriage of Pedagogy and Theory: Sequencing and the Pentad." The Writing Instructor 2.3 (1983): 129-36.

Allred, Jeffrey B. "American Modernism and Depression Documentary." DAI 66.06A (2005): 234. In his critical survey of American literature, On Native Grounds (1942),

Alfred Kazin writes that the documentary writing of the 1930s amounted to a “vast granary of facts,” a “sub-literature” that lacks the formal sophistication a vigorously modern art requires. Kazin's early verdict has been upheld by many subsequent judgments: critics still largely think of the documentary mode as a residue of the realism that modernism supersedes. My argument views American modernism through the lens of the 1930s documentary book, countering this critical line with the argument that “documentary” and “modernism” converge in these texts. One can read this convergence, for example, in the way these texts play games with the relative locations of readers and subjects, or in their emphasis on the problematic status of “authenticity” in representing voices, bodies, and objects. My project does not so much aim to add yet another neglected set of texts to an expanded canon as to provide a new vision of inter-war American culture as a body of work that reflects and responds to parallel emergences in American society: new desires bound up in the migration of groups from rural to urban areas, new media dominated by the photographic image, and new locations and functions for intellectual work. I frame my examination of the documentary books that make up the core of this project within the larger context of changes in the production and consumption of culture in the inter-war United States. In the introduction, I emphasize utopian stirrings among Depression-era intellectuals bent on remaking American culture as something laborist and democratic, as seen in new theories of the role of the intellectual in society by writers like John Dos Passos and Kenneth Burke. In the conclusion, I temper this emphasis on intellectuals' agency by looking at the decisive shift in the period, best seen in the rise of Henry Luce's Time, Inc., towards an increasingly consolidated culture industry.

Alpers, Paul J. What Is Pastoral?. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996.

Altman, Ross Dean. "Kenneth Burke's Relation to Modern Thought and Literature." Dissertation. State University of New York at Binghamton, 1977.

Ambrester, Roy. "Identification Within: Kenneth Burke's View of the Unconscious." Philosophy and Rhetoric 7 (1974): 205-16.

Anderson, Dana. Rev. of The Elements of Dramatism by David Blakesley. Rhetoric Review 21.4 (2002): 413-16. Reviews the book 'The Elements of Dramatism,' by David Blakesley.

---. "Questioning the Motives of Habituated Action: Burke and Bourdieu on Practice." Philosophy & Rhetoric 37.3 (2005): 255-74.

Anderson, Dana Larson. "Arguing Identity: Strategizing the Self in Narratives of Conversion (Kenneth Burke, Dorothy Day, Deirdre Mccloskey, John G. Neihardt)." DAI 63.09A (2002): 267. How is identity a kind of argumentative strategy? This study explores this question by analyzing the rhetorical constitution of identity in narratives of conversion experiences. First, I develop a rhetorical theory of identity to account for first-person acts of identity constitution, a focus largely neglected within studies of constitutive rhetoric. This theory combines Kenneth Burke's description of identities as “unique ‘constitutions’” (A Rhetoric of Motives) with his theory of “The Dialectic of Constitutions” (A Grammar of Motives), emphasizing how identities, like constitutions, are “strategic answers” to “questions posed by the situation in which they arose.” I then apply this theory in examining how three conversion narratives (Dorothy Day's The Long Loneliness, Deirdre McCloskey's Crossing: A Memoir , and John G. Neihardt's Black Elk Speaks) constitute identities that address specific issues within the contexts they address. Treating identity as a strategic, persuasive topos in this way thus allows these texts to be read not simply as autobiographical narratives of self-transformation but rather as rhetorical engagements that, in constituting an author's transformed identity, would transform something of the historical and cultural situations these authors occupy as well.

Anderson, Floyd D., and Lawrence J. Prelli. "Pentadic Cartography: Mapping the Universe of Discourse." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 87.1 (2001): 73-95. Focuses on the use of pentadic cartography in exhibiting the contemporary universe of discourse. Disparity between the perspective of social commentators Kenneth Burke and Herbert Marcuse on the universe of discourse; Correlation between pentadic cartography and postmodernism; Relationship between human symbolic interaction and discourse.

Anderson, Virginia. "Antithetical Ethics: Kenneth Burke and the Constitution." JAC: Journal of Composition Theory 15.2 (1995): 261-79.

---. "'the Perfect Enemy': Clinton, the Contradictions of Capitalism, and Slaying the Sin Within." Rhetoric Review 21.4 (2002): 384-400. Analyzes several aspects of the impeachment proceedings against former U.S. President Bill Clinton by conjoining a paradigm theory and the cultural contradictions of capitalism advocated by sociologist David Bell. Background on the Clinton impeachment hearings from 1998 to 1999; Details on the use of the scapegoat paradigm in the Clinton situation; Examination of the impeachment rhetoric of the U.S. House Managers.

Anderson, Virginia Susan. "Unpersuasive Truths: Critical Theory, Pedagogy, and Democratic Education." DAI 59.01A (1997): 392.

My project examines the impact of critical theory on the classroom practice of composition scholars. By "critical theory," I mean a body of scholarship related to the social theory of critics like Louis Althusser, Antonio Gramsci, and Stuart Hall, and applied to composition by scholars like James A. Berlin and Henry A. Giroux. Teachers who embrace such theory argue that their practice should provoke an interrogation of underlying cultural assumptions in the hope that critically conscious students will recognize and challenge oppressive norms. But the published accounts of critical teachers suggest that students resist these teachers' efforts. I argue that these difficulties arise because critical compositionists have not analyzed their own persuasive practices. I first characterize the rhetoric of critical teachers' self-representations in their published work, focusing especially on the metaphors and commonplaces that reflect and shape these teachers' assumptions. Critical teachers' argumentative practices accord with a theory of persuasion that I derive from the work of linguists George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, literary scholar Kenneth Burke, and Lacanian scholar David Metzger. I contend that compositionists have not reinvented persuasion in a postmodern mode but rather rely on such traditional tactics as hierarchical arrangement, binary thinking, essentialization, transcendental signifiers, and truth claims. I draw on the work of ethical philosophers Jean-Francois Lyotard and Emmanuel Levinas to argue that such persuasive paradigms can be reconciled with the postmodern view of ethics and language that many critical scholars espouse. The postmodern ethics I develop foregrounds Kenneth Burke's concept of identification, defining it as the relation between self and other, and positioning this relation at the heart of rhetoric. A specific postmodern understanding of self and other as an ethical ground can be mapped onto Burke's persuasive paradigm; dialogic notions of rhetoric itself can provide the concrete instantiations on which this ethical ground can be built. Rhetoric then becomes both the topic and the method of a critical search for meaning. Thus, a more thoughtful exploration of what rhetorical theory suggests about persuasion can facilitate socially concerned teachers' efforts to win students' cooperation in the challenging learning contexts that critical theory demands.

Angoff, Charles. William Carlos Williams: A Critical Appreciation. Cranbury, NJ: Assoc. Univ. Presses, 1974.

Anonymous. Rev. of The Selected Correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley, 1915-1981 by Paul Jay, ed. New Yorker March 27, 1989 1989: 116. Reviews the book "The Selected Correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley, 1915-1981," edited by Paul Jay.

---. Rev. of Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose by Kenneth Burke. American Sociological Review 2.1 (1937): 2. Reviews the book "Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose," by Kenneth Burke.

---. Rev. of Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, 1924-1966. American Literature 41.4 (1970): 624. Reviews the book 'Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, 1924-1966,' edited by William H. Rueckert.

---. Rev. of Kenneth Burke: Late Poems, 1968-1993: Attitudinizing Verse-wise, While Fending for One's Selph, and in a Style Somewhat Artificially Colloquial. New York Review of Books 52.16 (2005): 31. Reviews the book "Kenneth Burke: Late Poems, 1968-1993: Attitudinizing Verse-Wise, While Fending for One's Selph, and in a Style Somewhat Artificially Colloquial," edited by Julie Whitaker and David Blakesley.

---. "Psychological Drama." Rev. of The White Oxen by Kenneth Burke. The New York Times Book Review 26 October 1924: 23.

Anonymous. Rev. of The Selected correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley, 1915-1981. Wilson Quarterly 13 (1989): 108.

---. Rev. of The selected correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley, 1915-1981. Virginia Quarterly Review (1989): 55.

---. Rev. of The selected correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley, 1915-1981. New Yorker Spring 1989: 116.

---. "Farewell to Kenneth Burke." New Republic 13 December 1993: 10.

---. "Literary Criticism: The Minds Behind the Written Word." The Times Literary Supplement Winter 1954: viii.

Appel, Edward C. "Burlesque Drama as a Rhetorical Genre: The Hudibrastic Ridicule of William F. Buckley, Jr." Western Journal of Communication 60 (1996): 269-84.

Appel, Edward Charles. "A Dramatistic Study of the Preaching of the Rev. Dr. Wallace E. Fisher (Pennsylvania)." DAI 45.01A (1984): 270.

The Rev. Dr. Wallace E. Fisher was Senior Pastor at Trinity Lutheran Church, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, from 1952 until his retirement in 1982. Ultimately he achieved striking success there as a preacher and pastoral leader as evidenced by sharp increases in membership, attendance at worship, giving, evangelical outreach, and demand for his books on Trinity's growth and for his services nationwide as a lecturer on homiletics. This success came, however, only after a three-year period of unrest and rebellion. Parishioners' statements of discontent focused on Dr. Fisher's preaching. Analyzed in terms of Clark's criteria for the sermon genre--certainty, subordination to Divine truth, abstractness, presentism, and coherence--that preaching was found to be generically irregular. First-person pronouns abounded. Presentation of self as authority and example was conspicuous and recurrent. Concrete, substantive arguments in support of controversial positions characterized Dr. Fisher's not infrequent "political-involvement" sermons. The research problem, then, was how to account for the rhetorical success that followed and overcame the predicted rhetorical difficulties. The philosophy of Dramatism, as presented by Burke, was chosen as the critical perspective. Nine "indexes of dramatic intensity" were inferred from Dramatistic principles and served as the primary tools of analysis. They are characteristics of dramatic action featured by Burke raised to a level of perfection. They are (1) radical human freedom, (2) high group value or aspiration, (3) heroic group or individual sacrifice, (4) furious conflict with the forces of evil, (5) common-ground, or blood-brother, scapegoating, (6) the risk and threat of ruin, (7) the perfected redemptive vision, (8) management of identification through adept self-projection by the speaker, and (9) "socialized" scenic placement of the dramatic action. Two other sets of criteria, five "indexes of audience anxiety" and a Dramatistic standard of "truth," were likewise inferred and applied. An integrated series of six messages delivered during the Lenten session of 1980 were so analyzed and evaluated. Dr. Fisher's sermons were found to be intensely dramatic on all scales and powerfully "truthful." How his forceful drama solved his problem was explained on the basis of the proposed criteria. Implications for Dramatistic scholarship and for the theory of rhetorical genres were discussed.

Appel, Edward C. "Implications and Importanceof the Negative in Burke's Dramatistic Philosophy of Language." Communication Quarterly 41 (1993): 51-65.

---. "Kenneth Burke: Coy Theologian." Journal of Communication and Religion 16 (1993): 99-110.

---. "The Perfected Drama of Reverend Jerry Falwell." Communication Quarterly 35 (1987): 26-38.

---. "The Rhetoric of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Comedy and Context in Tragic Collision." Western Journal of Communication 61 (1997): 376-402.

---. "Rush to Judgment: Burlesque, Tragedy, and Hierarchal Alchemy in the Rhetoric of America's Foremost Political Talkshow Host." Southern Communication Journal 68.3 (2003): 217-30. Analyzes the application of Kenneth Burke's notion of genres of drama and hierarchal identification to the radio talkshow "Rush Limbaugh Show" in October and November 1996. Discussion of rhetorical genres of burlesque and tragedy in a Burkean frame; Application of burlesque and tragic generic traits to the broadcast rhetoric of Limbaugh; Description of Limbaugh's promotion of heroic personal efficacy.

---. "The Tragic-Symbol Preaching of the Rev. Dr. Wallace E. Fisher." Journal of Communication and Religion 10 (1987): 34-43.

Arac, Jonathan. "Criticism between Opposition and Counterpoint." Boundary 2, An International Journal of Literature and Culture 25.2 (1998): 55-69.

Archias, Susan Dana. "Kenneth Burke's Approach to Language and Theory Construction." MAI 26.04 (1988): 101.

This thesis explains the "systematic" refinement of Kenneth Burke's theoretical process through his development of a theological paradigm for the dramatistic vocabulary. It describes the merging metaphysical and dialectical issues in Burke's critical thought and locates a theoretical shift in A Grammar of Motives, where Burke posits the prototype for his key term, "act." The study then interprets the formal treatment of the prototype in The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology, and demonstrates how the derived paradigm maintains and advances the convergence of metaphysics and dialectics, and how it reestablishes the interaction between language structure and usage in two types of definition or explanation (temporal-logical, narrative-tautological). This thesis also describes the purpose and functional range of Logology.

Arrington, Phillip K. "A Dramatistic Approach to Understanding and Teaching the Paraphrase." College Composition and Communication 39 (1988): 185-97.

---. "Tropes, Invention, and the Composing Process." Thesis, 1984.

Arrington, Phillip K. and Shirley K. Rose. "Prologue to What Is Possible: Introductions as Metadiscourse." College Composition and Communication 38 (1987): 306-18.

Auden, W.H. "A Grammar of Assent " Rev. of The Philosophy of Literary Form by Kenneth Burke. New Republic 14 July 1941: 59.

Aune, James. "Burke's Late Blooming: Trope, Defense, and Rhetoric." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 69.3 (1983): 328-41.

Aune, James Arnt. "Burke's Palimpsest: Rereading Permanence and Change." Communication Studies 42 (1991): 234-38.

---. "An Historical Materialist Theory of Rhetoric." American Communication Journal 6.4 (2003).

Axelrod, Steven and Helen Deese. Critical Essays on William Carlos Williams. New York: M Macmillan International, 1995.

Bacon, Jennifer. "The Language of Motives in Absalom, Absalom!: A Rhetorical Application of Kenneth Burke to Faulkner." University of Maryland at College Park, 1992.

Bacon, Jacqueline Lee. ""The Humblest May Stand Forth": Marginalized Voices in Abolitionist Rhetoric (Women Abolitionists, African-American)." DAI 58.07A (1997): 375.

Although historical research on the antebellum abolition movement has generally acknowledged the use of moral suasion as a primary weapon of the abolitionists' antislavery arsenal, the scope of these studies has not included detailed rhetorical analysis of abolitionist rhetoric. Furthermore, the traditional scholarly emphasis on white male figures provides an incomplete account of the antislavery movement by neglecting a considerable body of abolitionist rhetoric produced by white women and African Americans, abolitionists whose voices were relatively suppressed because of race and gender both within the abolition movement and in antebellum society as a whole. Because of their exclusion, a study of their abolitionist rhetoric cannot be based solely on traditional persuasive paradigms. Studies of the discourse of "muted groups"--those whose voices are often relatively silenced--suggest that marginalized rhetors often adopt strategies that do not fit the discursive models of the dominant society. Alternative means of studying this rhetoric are suggested by twentieth-century rhetorical theory, particularly the work of Kenneth Burke and Chaim Perelman and Lucy Olbrechts-Tyteca, as well as recent explorations of the specific rhetorical genres that shape the abolitionist movement, such as women's rhetoric, preaching, and other forms of religious persuasion such as the jeremiad. This dissertation focuses such an approach on the discourse of three particular subgroups within the abolitionist movement: white female abolitionists (represented by Lydia Maria Child, Angelina Grimke, and Lucretia Mott), male African-American abolitionists (represented by Frederick Douglass, Charles Lenox Remond, and David Walker), and female African-American abolitionists (represented by Maria W. Stewart, Sojourner Truth, and Harriet Jacobs). The analysis demonstrates that these "muted abolitionists" used traditional formulations of race and gender to create effective ethe; appealed to antebellum premises about race, gender, scriptural authority, and American identity in order to formulate antislavery arguments their potentially skeptical audiences would accept; and relied on rhetorical strategies including indirection, the African-American trope of signifying, and jeremiadic arguments. An epilogue features the rhetoric of Audre Lorde, a contemporary African-American feminist poet and speaker whose work demonstrates the legacy of the nineteenth-century marginalized rhetors more than a hundred years after they spoke and wrote.

Baer, Donald M. "A Comment on Skinner as Boy and No Burke as S-." Behaviorism 4 (1976): 273-77.

Bak, Hans. "Contest in Vilification: The Literary Friendship of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley." Rev. of The Selected Correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley by Paul Jay, ed. Southern Review 26.1 (1990): 226-35.

Baker, Lewis. "Kenneth Burke and Oswald Spengler." Horns of Plenty: Malcolm Cowley and His Generation 2.1 (1989): 9-18.

---. "Some Manuscript Collections Containing Kenneth Burke Materials." Pre/Text: A Journal of Rhetorical Theory 6.3-4 (1985): 307-11.

Ball, Moya. "A Response to Andrew King's 'Discipling the Master: Finding the Via Media for Kenneth Burke'." American Communication Journal 4.2 (2001).

Ballard-Reisch, Deborah. "China Beach and Tour of Duty: American Television and Revisionist History of the Vietnam War." Journal of Popular Culture 25.3 (1991): 135-49.

This article will analyze the role of U.S. television in both the process of creating and the process of purging guilt regarding the Vietnam conflict. The creation of national disillusionment and guilt was to a large extent due to extensive television coverage of the realities of war which came into direct conflict with U.S. myths regarding war. The role of television in the purgation of guilt is only now being played out through the television dramas China Beach and Tour of Duty. In order to understand the role these dramas play in the redemption of the veterans of the Vietnam conflict and of the nation, it is necessary to examine the nature and causes of individual and social guilt concerning the war, the composition of the U.S. war myth, the conflict between this myth and the realities of war as they were broadcast on network television, and finally, the role of the Vietnam dramas in an on-going purgative process. Kenneth Burke's purgative guilt cycle offers a tool which can be used to examine both the nature of guilt and the alternative methods for its purgation. Burke argues that implicit in the notion of social order is the conceptualization of a covenant, or social contract. This contract involves the philosophical and moral principles on which the society is based. All who live within the society agree to be bound by this covenant.

Barat, Jean Claude. "Kenneth Burke Et Les 'New Critics' Ou: Kenneth, Edmond, William Et Les Autres." Recherches Anglaises et Americains 12 (1979): 45-64.

Barett, Elizabeth. "Comedy, Courtesy, and a Passage to India." English studies in Canada 10.1 (1984): 77-93.

Barker, James R., and Phillip K. Tompkins. "Identification in the Self-Managing Organization." Human Communication Research 21.2 (1994): 223-40. Examines the characteristics of worker identification with two targets at the same time, the workers' self-managing team and the larger organization that created the teams. Identification process and the team concept; Administration of an Organizational Identification Questionnaire; Identification with each target; Ethnographic study of subjects.

Barone, Dennis. "Under the Silence of the Unfinished Work." Boundary 2 10.2 (1982): 115. Presents criticism of the poem 'The Centerfielder,' by Robert Kelly. Description of the language used in the poem; Role of the literary critic Jonathan Culler in presenting criticism of the poem; Criticism of the poem by Kenneth Burke.

Barrile, Leo George. "Television and Attitudes About Crime." DAI 41.03A (1980): 497.

This thesis examines the content of television crime dramas, and the relationship of television viewing to attitudes about crime. In it I propose that television presents an ideological picture of crime and that heavy television viewers possess more conservative attitudes about crime, criminality and justice than do light viewers. The thesis contains three major parts. First, using conflict theory and the sociology of knowledge, especially Karl Mannheim's notion of perspective, I argue that television drama depicts crime in a personalized way, placing responsibility for crime totally on individuals excluding the part played by the social structure, the economic system, political and social alienation. I call this bias in television dramas, the personalized crime perspective. I claim that it is implemented in television, as it was in previous mass media story-formulas, to screen the social system from criticism. A secondary analysis of nineteenth century American dime-novels and twentieth century gangster movies is presented to verify the existence of the personalized crime perspective in popular drama. Second, I ask: how does the personalized crime perspective manifest itself on television? I use phenomenological sociology, especially the ideas of Kenneth Burke, Alfred Schutz, and Harold Garfinkel, to contruct a typology of heroes and villains based upon their motives for acting. By motive, I mean the verbalized or implied accounts of their behavior. This typology is applied to a content analysis of 57 randomly selected television crime dramas. The content analysis shows that the criminal's motives for committing crime are nearly always personal, rarely socially connected. Greed, is, by far, the most prevalent motive of television criminals. More, the content analysis unambiguously shows that television types characters on the basis of class. Lower status characters, both heroes and villains, appear far less frequently than upper status characters. Lower status characters are disproportionately attributed irrational and emotional motives, and are disproportionately more violent and lethal in their actions. Lower status villains are more vengeaful and psychotic, while lower status heroes are more violent and brutal. The findings' imply that, by personalizing crime, by depoliticizing motives, television drama shields the social order's impact on social problems, and, by stereotyping all characters on a class dimension, television drama takes for granted and perhaps legitimizes the differences in power, prestige, and wealth in the class system. Third, given this ideological picture of crime on television, I hypothesize that heavy viewers of television, particularly heavy viewers of crime dramas, are more likely to possess personalized beliefs about crime and criminality, and more conservative attitudes about justice and punishment than are light viewers. A survey of 147 persons selected in a quota sample based on class was administered. The survey contained 75 items designed to measure attitudes about crime, criminality, and justice; media habits and content preferences; and the social status and background of respondents. The findings from the survey generally support my hypotheses. Television viewing is positively correlated to personalized beliefs about crime and justice, and to conservative attitudes about justice and punishment. Similarly, viewers' preferences for crime dramas is also positively correlated to personalized beliefs and conservative attitudes. And although reading books is inversely related to conservative attitudes about crime, education is the only variable that, when used as a control, significantly weakens some of the relationships among media habits and attitudes about crime. To reiterate, the research results show that: television drama depicts crime in a personalized, socially typed, class biased, and in a word, ideological manner; and, television viewing and crime drama viewing correlate positively to personalized beliefs about crime and conservative attitudes about justice. Network television legitimizes the social order.

Bates, Ernest Sutherland. "A Spendthrift with Ideas." Rev. of Permanence and Change by Kenneth Burke. New York Herald Tribune Books 12 May 1935: 8.

Bator, Paul B. "The 'Good Reasons Movement': A 'Confounding' of Dialectic and Rhetoric?" Philosophy and Rhetoric 21.1 (1988): 38-47.

Baum, Rob K. "Deconstruction of National Identity in the Third Reich: Nazisprache Und Geopolitik." National Identities 8.2 (2006): 95.

Under the Third Reich, concepts of Geopolitik and Lebensraum were redefined. The Nazi Party developed Nazisprache, a coded, convoluted vocabulary used to describe, delimit and eventually destroy undesirable populations (primarily Jews, Gypsies, mentally ill, disabled, etc.). By corrupting conventional German meaning, Nazi officials legally extended borders of Nazi-controlled territories while successfully suppressing knowledge of their cruelty. As Nazi communications grew more circumspect, 'euphemism' increased; national and personal boundaries were linguistically renamed and politically re-conceptualised, potentiating the thorough dissolution of nation, person and ethnic entity. 'A yielding to the form prepares for assent to the matter identified with it.' (Kenneth Burke)

Baumer, Fred A. "Toward the Development of Homiletic as Rhetorical Genre: A Critical Study of Roman Catholic Preaching in the United States since Vatican Council Ii (Hermeneutics, Heidegger, Dramatism, Kenneth Burke, Turner)." DAI 46.08A (1985): 277.

Roman Catholic preaching received an impetus for renewal in the conciliar documents of Vatican II and in subsequent ecclesial and theological writings. Preaching within a liturgical or ritual context has received the major portion of scholarly attention. Most sources call this form of preaching "homiletic." This study uses genre communication theory to focus on the unique communicative dimensions of homiletic in relation to the three other traditional genres of preaching: evangelization, catechesis, and theological argument. The study begins with two survey chapters, one on preaching theory and one on genre theory. Chapter three then applies the genre perspective to preaching, using Kenneth Burke's dramatistic pentad. Five communicative dimensions of each genre are examined: (1) Scene or context; (2) Act or organizational principles; (3) Agency or delivery strategies; (4) Agent or rhetorical identity; (5) Purpose or motive for speaking. Homiletic is shown to be a unique genre of preaching. Chapters four, five, and six expand the understanding of the distinctive communicative dimensions of homiletic. The writings of Victor Turner and Mircea Eliade are said to examine the homiletic context. The philosophical thought of Martin Heidegger and Paul Ricoeur contributes to the method for interpreting a scriptural text. The insights of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Peter Berger are utilized to develop the delivery strategies unique to homiletic. This study advances the thesis that homiletic is a distinct rhetorical genre with unique communicative dimensions. It contributes to the developing theory of the nature of ritual preaching and identifies practical principles for guiding the preparation and delivery of a homily.

Baxter, Gerald D. and Pat M. Taylor. "Burke's Theory of Consubstantiality and Whitehead's Concept of Concrescence." Communication Monographs 45 (1978): 173-80.

Bazin, Victoria. "Marianne Moore, Kenneth Burke and the Poetics of Literary Labour." Journal of American Studies 35.3 (2001): 432-51.

Explores Marianne Moore's poetry within the discursive frames of the contemporary political culture of the 1930s. Interpretation of the Moore's poetic triptych 'Part of a Novel, Part of a Poem, Part of a Play'; Reconceptualization of Moore's poetry in terms of a poetics of pragmatism or literary labor.

Beard, James E. "Rhetorical Mapping of Technological Psychosis: A Burkean Reading of William Gibson's "Neuromancer" (Kenneth Burke)." DAI 60.12A (1999): 179.

I ground this study with two key assumptions: (1) a culture's dominant technological forms and practices alter its language reductively; (2) the present cultural salience of cybernetics has precipitated a metaphor into language which renders humanity too often in terms of computer models; e.g., human memory is often identified with computer memory, etc. Based on those assumptions, I trace Kenneth Burke's argument that such linguistic impoverishment constitutes a “technological psychosis,” in which “scientific realism,” a purely descriptive mode of language decenters “poetic realism,” which is weighted and reflects human notions of value and morality. Burke saw technological psychosis as a terministic exigence calling for a “corrective” rhetoric to return more humanistic perspectives to their pivotal position in language. After surveying Burke's development of this argument, I examine his turn to science fiction satire in “Helhaven” (1971) as just such a corrective rhetoric. Then I use a Burkean critical framework to read William Gibson's Neuromancer as a continuation of Burke's science fiction project as well as the touchstone text for cyberpunk, a science fiction subgenre that thematizes the fusion of humans and computers. Taking issue with prevalent postmodernist interpretations of the novel which read it as privileging “posthumanism,” I argue that Neuromancer instead operates humanistically by demystifying the cybernetic metaphor's paradigmatic potential and revealing it as a mere figurative description. Using Burke's pentadic categories—scene, agent, agency, act, and purpose—to organize the chapters, I demonstrate how Gibson's rhetorical vision both maps and counters technological psychosis. My reading shows how Gibson first constructs, then undercuts, “cyberspace” as a rhetorical charting of technological psychosis, and then offers a vision of human transcendence without denying the centrality of technology in human entelechy. I conclude by extending insights gained from a Burkean reading of Neuromancer to cyberpunk and science fiction in general, arguing that this genre, as Burke discovered earlier, affords us rhetorical tools—perspective by incongruity and extrapolation from the present onto a near future scene—especially advantageous for such a corrective rhetoric to technological exigencies.

Behr, Martin. Continuity and Change in the Thought of Kenneth Burke. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.

---. "Continuity and Change in the Thought of Kenneth Burke." MAI 31.03 (1992): 125.

This thesis analyzes Kenneth Burke's rhetoric of identification. I will examine the extent to which Burke's earliest critical writings, which focus on the suasive nature of literary forms, affected the writing of his later critical works, which deal with how language functions as a type of symbolic action. In his later texts, Burke breaks with his earlier concern with literary discourse by attempting to expound a critical theory that accounts for historical change, human motivation and the role of language in collective communities. He argues that language motivates people to identify with a certain sets of beliefs by transcending an opposing set of beliefs. Section One is an account of Burke's earlier conception of ideology in relation to his view of literary discourse. In Section Two the emphasis shifts toward a study of how Burke integrates his notion of ideology with his theory of a rhetoric of identification.

Behr, Martin, and Richard M. Coe. Critical Moments in the Rhetoric of Kenneth Burke: Implications for Composition. Winnipeg, Man.: Inkshed Publications, 1996.

Bell, Elizabeth Ellen. "A Dramatistic Analysis of Selected Works of Wole Soyinka." DAI 45.03A (1983): 283.

Wole Soyinka has spared no genre or medium his creative impulse. This study crosses these genres and mediums in an examination of his plays, his poetry, A Shuttle in the Crypt and Ogun Abibiman, and his first novel, The Interpreters, treating all his works as manifestations and expressions of victimage. Utilizing Kenneth Burke's theory of Dramatism, the study suggests four strategies of ritual for coping with and resolving conflict: harmless, awry, enacted, and created. The plays are structured in terms of these strategies of ritual victimage; the poetry features the dramatic speakers and their expressions of victimage, mortification, and transcendence; and point of view is the thrust of the discussion of The Interpreters in which the narrators create and control the characters. These four strategies of victimage account for the humor, tragedy, stasis, and destruction in Soyinka's works. Because conflict lies at the heart of Soyinka's works, to understand the strategies enlisted in its resolution is to understand not just the organizing principle of the works, but the organizing principle of the human mind when faced with conflict. To gain that understanding, all the works are approached dramatistically, as characters acting in situations beset with conflict. Conceived in this dramatistic mode, Soyinka's works unite universal, communal, and individual urges to victimize with implications for the past, present, and future. Soyinka communicates the process and product of human experience, an experience sadly invested with sacrifice and strangely evocative of change. While Soyinka's plays have commanded critical attention in performance, this study also suggests performance concepts for his poetry and novel based on the ritual strategies evidenced in the plays. The production concepts offered for each work feature the victimage, mortification, transcendence matrix as a framework for adapting, staging, and performing the plays, poetry, and novel. The study concludes with a discussion of the implied authors in Soyinka's works; his concepts of art, its capacities and limitations; and his notion of the sacrificial principle as crucial to societal maintenance and change.

Bello, Richard. "A Burkeian Analysis of the 'Political Correctness' Confrontation in Higher Education." Southern Communication Journal 61.3 (1996).

Bendixen-Park, Kitty Diane. "Dramatism and Headship: A Survey of Text-Linguistic and Rhetorical Theory to Elucidate Paul's Use of Kephale in First Corinthians 11:2-16. (Volumes I and Ii) (Kephale, Pentad)." DAI 56.03A (1994): 518.

This dissertation presents a dramatistic analysis of Paul's $bf{kappaepsilonvarphialphalambdaacuteeta}$ metaphor in 1 Corinthians 11:2-16 in order to test the usefulness of Kenneth Burke's method for the interpretation of biblical texts. The method of dramatism elucidates the inventional and argumentative force of Paul's $bf{kappaepsilonvarphialphalambdaacuteeta}$ metaphor. Paul's $bf{kappaepsilonvarphialphalambdaacuteeta}$ metaphor represents more than mere embellishment, it actively structures the Corinthians' experience and thus functions as a goad to action. Interdisciplinary studies of metaphor have advanced our understanding of metaphor's nature, scope, and function. The overview presented here, however, reveals a current theoretical stalemate over the form, function, and definition of metaphor. No unified theory of metaphor exists. This dissertation argues that dramatism offers a method of analysis that is inclusive enough in scope to integrate the variety of modern theories of metaphor into its rhetorical framework. This study first provides the reader with a detailed analysis of Burke's method, setting forth both its methodological and rhetorical foundation. The application of Burke's dramatistic method to the text of 1 Cor 11:2-16 offers fresh insight into its argumentative structure. Paul's $bf{kappaepsilonvarphialphalambdaacuteeta}$ metaphor reflects sociocultural patterns of understanding and action, in particular those of the Greco-Roman world. Through the $bf{kappaepsilonvarphialphalambdaacuteeta}$ metaphor Paul is organizing perceptions of the scene, creating a perspective, and defining the temporal and spatial perimeters in which the Corinthians will encounter his drama. Paul's rhetorical strategy is a specific response to the problem of hair styles and the implications of its corresponding world-views. The $bf{kappaepsilonvarphialphalambdaacuteeta}$ metaphor highlights the way in which Paul structures the scene in order to transform the Corinthian prophets' act-agent orientation. Through its peculiar kind of staging, Paul's $bf{kappaepsilonvarphialphalambdaacuteeta}$ metaphor invites his audience to participate in his drama and, in so doing, to affirm and preserve the scene of creation within the temporal and spatial sphere of the new creation.

Benne, Kenneth D. "Toward a Grammar of Educational Motives: Essay-Review of a Grammar of Motives." Rev. of A Grammar of Motives by Kenneth Burke. Education Forum 11 (1947).

Bennett, William. "Kenneth Burke: A Philosophy in Defense of Un-Reason." Philosophers on Rhetoric: Traditional and Emerging Views. Ed. Donald G. Douglas. Skokie, IL: National Textbook, 1973. 243-51.

Bennett, W. Lance. "Political Scenarios and the Nature of Politics." Philosophy and Rhetoric 8 (1983).

Benoit, William L. "Systems of Explanation: Aristotle and Burke on 'Cause'." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 13.1 (1983): 41-57.

Benoit, William L. and Dawn M. Nill. "Oliver Stone's Defense of Jfk." Communication Quarterly 46 (1998): 127-44.

Benoit, William L. and Michael D. Moeder. Bibliography of Several Approaches to Rhetorical Criticism. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association, 1989.

Bentz, Valerie Malhotra, and Wade Kenny. "'Body-as-World': Kenneth Burke's Answer to the Postmodernist Charges against Sociology." Sociological Theory 15.1 (1997): 81.

Postmodernism charges that sociological methods project ways of thinking and being from the past onto the future, and that sociological forms of presentation are rhetorical defenses of ideologies. Postmodernism contends that sociological theory presents reified constructs no more based in reality than are fictional accounts. Kenneth Burke's logology predates and adequately addresses postmodernism's valid charges against sociology. At the same time, logology avoids the idealistic tendencies and ethical pitfalls of radical forms of postmodernist deconstruction, which acknowledge neither pretextual and extratextual worlds nor the ways in which experience is embodied. While not fully articulated, Burke's logology gives primacy to an embodied, social world prior to text (Body-as-World). Sociology can strengthen both its theoretical arsenal and its response to postmodernism by reacknowledging and reclaiming Burke's logology.

Berlinski, Edward G. "Kenneth Burke, Identification, and Psychoanalytic Theory." DAI 59.04A (1997): 184.

In "Rhetoric--Old and New" (1951), Kenneth Burke declares, "The key term for the 'old' rhetoric was 'persuasion' and its stress was upon deliberate design," whereas "the key term for the 'new' rhetoric" is identification "which can include a partially 'unconscious' factor in appeal" (203). Identification was a term first used by Freud and was part of his psychoanalytic theory. Identification is generally defined as the modeling and unconscious imitation of behaviors, attitudes, and goals of others. Burke borrowed the term for his rhetorical theory. This study takes up the following: (1) the precedents for identification implied in the history of rhetoric; (2) an analysis of Burke's concept of identification as it relates to his rhetorical theory, social criticism, and aesthetic theory; and (3) the usefulness of psychoanalytic theory for exploring the power of conscious and unconscious identification in communication. Key to the third purpose is an understanding of the relation between identification and identity, a point which Burke hypothesizes. One difficulty in reading Burke is that he attempts to ground identity in contexts that are either impersonal or nebulous: in property, in one's identifications (which he considers mysterious), and in language. Yet the more appropriate grounding for identity is the personal, or the interpersonal, and this is especially so since identification is an intersubjective process. The study concludes with an original contribution, which utilizes psychoanalytic theories of identification and identity in order to create seven inventional strategies for identification, the "topoi" (topics) of identity. These topoi include "types" of identification that are based on the self-structure components of ego ideal, superego, and ego, as well as appeals to past identity, future identity, ideal identity, and social role, all of which have support in the writings of Burke and in psychoanalytic theory. Identification is achieved, then, through an appeal to identity. The topoi can be expressions of the individual or the collective, in so far as a group has a shared past, future, and ideal identity.

Berokoff, Tanya Ellen. "Old West, New West: Rhetorical Representations on Vigilantism in Film (Michael Mann, Bill Pullman)." MAI 41.04 (2003): 112.

This thesis examines two films, The Last of the Mohicans (1992) and The Virginian (2000) in regard to the rhetorical representations of vigilantism as a means of coping with contemporary anxieties. Using mythic analysis, dramatism, narrative theory and semiotic theory, this thesis argues that two uniquely American mythic forms (Frontier Myth and American Monomyth) and four binary oppositions (honor/dishonor, natural/artificial, order/chaos, and redemptive violence/vengeful violence) combine to present “taking the law into one's own hands” as an appropriate response to the perception of government (local, regional, or national) as inadequate or ineffective in dealing with lawbreakers.

Berry, Elvera Buettner. "Undergraduate Education: A Burkean Perspective." DAI 48.02A (1987): 153.

A review of recent literature reveals renewed discussion and debate concerning undergraduate higher education. General education, in particular, is the target of numerous studies and reports. While each treatment of general education reflects faith in its liberating effects, none provides a conceptual framework by which to order higher education's multiple agenda. The dissertation addresses the need for a framework within which to examine undergraduate education, and for a heuristic by which to generate educational agenda and shape undergraduate curricula. Rooted in "Dramatism," the rhetorical theory of literary and social critic Kenneth Burke, the study yields not only an analytic tool but a generative model uniquely suited to the examination of education in a democratic society. Burke's extensive analysis of human beings as defined by their linguistic capacity and activity, and his observations concerning education in a democracy, are incorporated in a trans-disciplinary linguistic perspective of undergraduate education. The capacity to engage in thought and interactive community is grounded in human language. Burke defines language as "symbolic action," that is, as "action" in the realm of moral choice rather than as "sheer motion" at the level of habit. Inasmuch as both individual and society function by means of and in terms of language and communication, shared symbols embody patterns of response which reflect both individual and collective commitments. These patterns enable the symbolic interaction requisite to identification with the community. Thus the selection, use, and content of shared symbols is a matter which education must address. Moreover, since symbolic action is the filter through which one apprehends and orders human existence, symbolic action is also a means of apprehending academic disciplines and of ordering the curriculum. A Burkean linguistic meta-structure provides a terminological screen which transcends both individual myopia and disciplinary nomenclature. The dramatistic "pentad" is a mediating, methodological link between aesthetically conceived symbolic action and sociologically derived symbolic interaction. Act, Scene, Agent, Agency, and Purpose function collectively as an investigative heuristic. The resultant linguistic reconceptualization of undergraduate education yields significant change of perspective brought about by dramatistic inquiry: no longer conceived as a reified teaching "agent," education is seen in light of teacher and student as participatory "joint-agents" who engage in the symbolic "act" of learning. In sum, "education as teacher" in a provincial context is transformed into "persons as co-learners" in a universal context.

Bertelsen, Dale A. "Kenneth Burke and Multiculturalism: A Voice of Ethnocentrism and Apologia." Qualitative Research Reports in Communication 3.4 (2002): 82-89. Explores critic Kenneth Burke's ethnocentric tendencies which are related to the Jewish community. Apologia posit potential limits; Examination of Burke's critical system; Assumptions on culture, ideology, politics and power.

---. "Kenneth Burke�s Conception of Reality: The Process of Transformation and Its Implications for Rhetorical Criticism." Extensions of the Burkeian System. Ed. James W. Chesebro. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1993. 230-47.

Berthold, Carol A. "Kenneth Burke's Cluster-Agon Method: Its Development and an Application." Central States Speech Journal 27 (1976): 302-09.

Bessiegravere, Jean. "Kenneth Burke Face a Quelques Ecrivains Europeens (1921-1932)." Revue de litterature comparee 54 (1980): 174-95.

---. "Kenneth Burke: Critique, Lecture, Litterature Rhetorique, Linguistique Et Communaute De Communication." Oeuvres and Critiques: Revue Internationale D'etude de la Reception Critique D'etude des Oeuvres Litteraires de Langue 11.2 (1986): 209-18.

Bewley, Marius. "Kenneth Burke as Literary Critic." The Complex Fate. London: Chatto and Windus, 1952. 211-43.

Biesecker, Barbara. "Kenneth Burke�s Grammar of Motives: Speculations on the Politics of Interpretation." Rhetoric and Ideology: Compositions and Criticisms of Power. Ed. Charles W. Kneupper. Arlington TX: Rhetoric Society of America, 1989.

Biesecker, Barbara A. Addressing Postmodernity : Kenneth Burke, Rhetoric, and a Theory of Social Change. Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997.

Biesecker, Barbara Ann. "Kenneth Burke's "A Grammar of Motives", "A Rhetoric of Motives" And "The Rhetoric of Religion": Towards an Ontology of Individual and Collective Action." DAI 50.06A (1989): 168.

This study revisits those books which constitute the apex of Burke's career and reads textual discrepancies therein as critical moments that take one beyond the particular text's declared claim. Thus, in the interest not of dismantling the texts but of extracting their full economy, the study produces supplementary readings of each text. An ontology of human being is read in A Grammar of Motives; an ontology of the social is read in A Rhetoric of Motives; and a supplementary theorization of both individual and collective being as effects of the movement of the restrained dialectic grounded in the principle of the negative is read in The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology. The study concludes by offering intimations of the way in which the contesting strains within the texts put one on the track of the politics of Burkian dramatism and logology, a politics that must be understood in relation to the context of its production.

Biles, Jeremy. "The Rites of Identity: The Religious Naturalism and Cultural Criticism of Kenneth Burke and Ralph Ellison." Journal of Religion 85.1 (2005): 186-88. Reviews the book "The Rites of Identity: The Religious Naturalism and Cultural Criticism of Kenneth Burke and Ralph Ellison," by Beth Eddy.

Birdsell, David S. "Kenneth Burke at the Nexus of Argument and Trope." Argumentation and Advocacy 29 (1993): 178-85.

---. "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 73.3 (1987).

Bishop, John Peale. "Gulliver on the Subway." Rev. of The White Oxen by Kenneth Burke. The Saturday Review of Literature 3 January 1925: 427.

Bjork, Rebecca Suzanne. "The Strategic Defense Initiative: Symbolic Containment of the Nuclear Threat." DAI 50.11A (1989): 01.

This study analyzes the Reagan Administration's discourse advocating the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Grounded in Kenneth Burke's philosophy of dramatism, this study argues that Reagan's SDI was a rhetorically powerful solution to the nuclear arms race. First, Reagan's conception of SDI tapped into America's historical self-image of innocence and destiny. As a purely technological solution to the arms race, it called forth historical images of American ingenuity in the face of insurmountable odds. Second, SDI allowed Reagan to capture the rhetorical appeal of the nuclear freeze campaign, and nuclear disarmament. As symbolically constructed by Reagan, SDI seemed to be a more appealing solution to the arms race than disarmament, because it did not require trust in the Soviet Union, and it promised to render nuclear missiles obsolete. Third, the rhetoric of the Reagan Administration created a situation whereby SDI was insulated from strong criticism, and simultaneously, was rhetorically self-perpetuating. Since SDI was justified primarily as a research program, opponents had difficulty mustering compelling arguments against it. Fourth, an analysis of the Reagan Administration's SDI rhetoric reveals two different interpretations of the program. Reagan's view, described as a moralistic drama, conceived of SDI as an heroic agency, destined to save humanity from the destructive results of its own ingenuity. Humans are both the victims and the heroes in this drama, since scientists can atone for their sins by developing a machine to remove the nuclear threat. The other view of SDI, held by the Administration's technical advisers, conceived SDI as a purely mechanical tool designed to fulfill the technical purpose of strengthening deterrence. In this drama, SDI does not allow humanity to escape from the nuclear age, but rather, entrenches the arms race even further. The study concludes that SDI illustrates both humanity's attempts to escape from the implications of symbol use, and the increasing isolation of the public from important social issues. As a technological fix, SDI represents a complete surrender of the public sphere of discourse, in that it removes responsibility for finding political and moral solutions to the nuclear arms race. (Copies available exclusively from Micrographics Department, Doheny Library, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0182.)

Black, Jason Edward "Symbolic Suicide as Mortification, Transformation, and Counterstatement: The Conciliatory (yet) Resistant Surrender of Maka-Tai-Mesh-Ekia-Kiak." KB Journal 2.1 (2005).

This essay explores how Maka-tai-mesh-ekia-kiak�s (Chief Black Hawk) surrender rhetoric unfolded through mortification and transformation devices, whereby he began to transition from chief to dependent and Native to American. The chief-as-agent committed a form of symbolic suicide�according to popular histories and narratives�to alleviate the Sauk�s guilt over having violated the authority of the U.S.�s Indian Removal Act (1830). While this assessment is partially apt, I alternatively argue that Black Hawk�s symbolic suicide simultaneously revealed a subaltern resistance shrouded in the ritual of surrender. He preserved Sauk sovereignty through a type of American/Native hybridity that allowed him to offer a defiant counterstatement in the forms of irony, moral certitude and self-identification. The essay proceeds by analyzing Black Hawk�s discourse through the frames of mortification, transformation and cultural hybridity. Finally, implications are offered to assess the role of symbolic suicide in identity transformation.

Black, Max. "Review of a Grammar of Motives." Rev. of A Grammar of Motives by Kenneth Burke. The Philosophical Review 55 (1946): 487-90.

Blackmur, R.P. "A Critic's Job of Work." Language as Gesture. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1952. 391-94.

---. "Language as Gesture." Language as Gesture. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1952. 3-4.

---. "The Lion and the Honeycomb." The Lion and the Honeycomb. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1955. 193-95.

Blain, Michael. "Rhetorical Practice in an Anti-Nuclear Weapons Campaign." Peace & Change 16.4 (1991): 355-78.

Presents a rhetorical analysis of peace activists' discursive practices in a victorious campaign to defeat a Department of Energy plan to build a nuclear weapons plant in the state of Idaho. Application of a model of political movements as victimage rituals; Main features of activists' discourse; Focus on negative environment and health effects as effective rhetorical strategy in local struggles against nuclear plants.

Blair, Carole. "Symbolic Action and Discourse: The Convergent/Divergent Views of Kenneth Burke and Michel Foucault." Kenneth Burke and Contemporary European Thought. Ed. Bernard L. Brock. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1995. 119-65.

Blakesley, David. Rev. of Reorienting Rhetoric: The Dialectic of List and Story by John D. O'Banion. KB Journal 2.1 (2005).

---. "A Bibliography of the Works of Kenneth Burke." KB Journal 1.1 (2004).

---. "Burke's New Boiks: Get 'Em While They're Hot and before They're Not . . ." Rev. of Kenneth Burke on Shakespeare by Kenneth Burke, and other books. KB Journal 3.1 (2006).

---. The Elements of Dramatism. Boston: Longman, 2002.

---. "Introduction." The Terministic Screen: Rhetorical Perspectives on Film. Ed. David Blakesley. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2003.

---. "Kenneth Burke�s Pragmatism--Old and New." Kenneth Burke and the 21st Century. Ed. Bernard L. Brock. Albany: State U of New York P, 1999. 71-95.

---. "Review of Reorienting Rhetoric: The Dialectic of List and Story." The Kenneth Burke Society Newsletter 10.1 (1995): 22-25.

---. "Secondary Bibliography: Works About Kenneth Burke." KB Journal 1.1 (2004).

---. "So What�s Rhetorical About Criticism? A Subjective Dialogue Featuring Kenneth Burke and Fredric Jameson." Textuality and Subjectivity: Essays on Language and Being. Ed. Ken Mendoza Dale Gowen, and Eitel Timm. Columbia, SC: Camden, 1991. 14-20.

---. "Sophistry, Magic, and the Vilifying Rhetoric of the Usual Suspects." The Terministic Screen: Rhetorical Perspectives on Film. Ed. David Blakesley. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2003.

---. "Taking Burke on(Line): The Kenneth Burke Bibliography and Archival Project." 1999.

---, ed. The Terministic Screen: Rhetorical Perspectives on Film. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2003.

Blakesley, David Edward. "Kenneth Burke and Rhetorical Inquiry in American Criticism, 1920-1950." DAI 51.01A (1990): 01.

Though a significant number of works have applied and explained Burke's critical theory, few have situated this theory scenically or viewed it as a strategic response to both critical and cultural crises. But Burke's criticism--pragmatic, rhetorical, and democratic--is both intensely personal and historically framed. When placed within its immediate textual and cultural landscape, Burke's rhetorical inquiry becomes a means of identifying and negotiating the philosophical, political, and critical differences prevalent in American criticism between the two World Wars. Burke elaborates the relations among rhetoric, pragmatism, and democracy, then applies his conceptions of them to the issue of Americanism, culminating in his endorsement of bohemianism. He identifies rhetoric as the primary agency of critical inquiry. And in the context of American pragmatism, rhetorical inquiry promotes critical freedom, which Burke associates with democracy. American criticism during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s consisted of many factions--Impressionist, Aesthetic, Humanist, Marxist, and New Critical. Burke's theoretical discussions of rhetoric are responsive to these factions, as well as to contemporary social, political, and historical forces. In arguing for the criticism of criticism, he formalizes and validates a method of maintaining multiple viewpoints. During the 1920s Burke examines--in his articles, letters, and fiction, the possibilities of practicing and stabilizing an American aesthetic. During the 1930s, he ameliorates as pragmatist in the debate among Marxists and New Critics, opting for a union of opposites both democratic, pluralistic, and comic. During the 1940s, Burke directs much of his writing to the world crisis, arguing for the institutionalization of dialectical inquiry, or democracy. To build a critical framework that would enfranchise multiple viewpoints, he reclaims rhetoric as the necessary means for examining human attempts to identify with one another. (Copies available exclusively from Micrographics Department, Doheny Library, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0182.)

Blankenship, Jane. "Kenneth Burke on Ecology: A Synthesis." Extensions of the Burkeian System. Ed. James W. Chesebro. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1993. 251-68.

---. "�Magic� and �Mystery� in the Works of Kenneth Burke." The Legacy of Kenneth Burke. Ed. Herbert W. Simons and Trevor Melia. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1989. 246-76.

Blankenship, Jane, Edwin Murphy, and Marie Rosenwasser. "Pivotal Terms in the Early Works of Kenneth Burke." Philosophy and Rhetoric 7.1 (1974): 1-24.

Blankenship, Jane, Marlene G. Fine, and Leslie K. Davis. "The 1980 Republican Primary Debates: The Transformation of Actor to Scene." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983): 25-36.

Blankenship, Jane and Barbara Sweeney. "The 'Energy of Form." Central States Speech Journal 31 (1980): 172-83.

Blankenship, Jane and Janette Kenner Muir. "On Imaging the Future: The Secular Search for 'Piety'." Communication Quarterly 35 (1987): 1-12.

Blanton, Shirley. "The Pentad Revisited." English in Texas 26.1 (1994): 18-21.

Blau, Herbert. "Kenneth Burke: Tradition and the Individual Critic." American Quarterly 6 (1954): 323-36.

---. "Language and Structure in Poetic Drama." Modern Language Quarterly 18.1 (1957): 27-34. Examines language and structure in poetic drama. Language as the highest individuation of the drama; Suggestion that when the language of a play keeps its proper station, it too becomes a kind of action; Process of creation of a new language; Ability to make use of an unavoidable measure of dislocation; Distinction of the Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists.

Bloom, Harold. Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism. Vol. Oxford UP: New York, 1982.

---. The Breaking of the Vessels. The Welleck Library Lectures at the U of California, Irvine. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1982.

---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford UP, 1975.

---. Modern American Poetry. Bloom's Period Studies. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

---. Walt Whitman. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House, 1985.

---. Walt Whitman. Bloom's Modern Critical Views. Updated ed. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2006.

Bloom, James. "Fellow Travelers: A Canon for Critics." American Literary History 2.4 (1990): 772-80.

Blum, W.C. "A Poetry of Perspectives Review of Book of Moments." Poetry 86.1 (1956): 362-66.

Bobbitt, David A. The Rhetoric of Redemption: Kenneth Burke�s Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King, Jr.�S "I Have a Dream Speech". Communication, Media, and Politics Series. New York: Roman & Littlefield, 2004.

Boggs, Nicholas Taylor. "The Critic and the Little Man: On African-American Literary Studies in the Post-Civil Rights Era (James Baldwin, Ralph Ellison)." DAI 66.07A (2005): 250.

This dissertation explores the emergence of the little man as a key figure in African American literary studies in the post-Civil Rights era. Alongside readings of the appearance of the little man in several literary and critical works by Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin, I trace the ways in which the figure has been taken up as an allegory for the critic in the often contentious debates concerning race and the reconfiguration of American literary history over the last three decades. I demonstrate how in his celebrated 1978 essay, “The Little Man at Chehaw Station: The American Artist and His Audience,” Ellison argues against the tendency to interpret American literature and culture in a racially-enclosed field. Instead, Ellison presents the enigmatic figure of the little man as a “connoisseur, critic, trickster” whose familiarity with both black and white aesthetic traditions allows for a subtle understanding of the ways in which what he calls “the diverse elements of our various backgrounds, our heterogeneous pasts, have indeed come together, ‘melted,’ and undergone metamorphosis.” With particular attention to the criticism of Henry Louis Gates, Houston Baker, Kenneth Warren, and Ross Posnock, I argue that the essay has frequently been misunderstood by critics as either a validation of a self-contained tradition of African American literature or as advocating a universalizing, deracialized vision of American literary history. I offer an alternative interpretation of Ellison's essay as a form of “symbolic action” that schools his readers in the knowledge of two of his most important mentors: the literary philosopher, Kenneth Burke, and Hazel Harrison, his music teacher at the Tuskegee Institute in the 1930's. Building on the insights of Hortense Spillers, I argue that the critic's identification with “little manhood” demands a disidentification with the masculinist ideologies of white supremacy in Jim Crow America, and opens the figure up to black feminist and queer reading strategies. By exploring the myriad literary and theoretical sources of the little man in black vernacular culture, Freudian psychoanalysis, and in D. H. Lawrence's Studies in Classic American Literature, I argue that the figure undoes the hierarchal oppositions of male/female and black/white and thus disrupts and reconfigures socially-determined literary categories and readerly subject-positions. Through readings of the appearance of the little man in Ellison's novel, Invisible Man, and in Baldwin's “children's book for adults,” Little Man Little Man: A Story of Childhood, I conclude that the figure is surprisingly well-suited for the literary articulation of post-oedipal configurations of race, sexuality, and kinship in the post-Civil Rights era.

Bognar, Holly H. "A Shift in Public Administration Theory Illustrated through the Rhetoric of Inquiry (Kenneth Burke)." DAI 58.10A (1997): 193. This study uses Kenneth Burke's cluster analysis, guided by a specialized theoretical foundation and an exploratory grounded theory approach, to examine a select body of theoretical discourse generated by public administration theorists. A discussion of the issues prevalent in the postmodern condition relative to public administration provides the parameters for articles included in the data set. The findings of this analysis uncovered three emerging themes and arguments focusing on: (1) the relationship between citizens and government; (2) the significance of language and the role of communication for public administration; and (3) ontological and epistemological issues relative to the field. In light of the findings of this study, a meta-methodology borrowed from the discipline of communication studies is introduced as a complementary methodological approach for the field. This constitutes an important contribution for the field since many theorists often appear to be debating themes and arguments from conflicting perspectives utilizing terminologies that are either unclear and/or lack consensual, agreed-upon definitions within the field. Further, identifying themes and arguments within theoretical discourse is problematic, particularly since traditional public administration research methods do not provide an epistemological approach for these purposes. Within the field of communication studies, however, rhetorical theory has a well-developed set of methodological approaches and analytical techniques that can be utilized to examine discourse to uncover hidden themes and arguments not easily discerned through a cursory reading. Based on the three themes uncovered by this analysis, three converging issues which are pivotal for public administration research, theory, and practice are identified. The first issue focuses on citizen self-governance and participation. The second issue highlights the significance of language and the expanding role of communication for public administration. The third issue addresses ontology and epistemology for the field. This dissertation also provides a discussion of how the three emerging themes and arguments uncovered by this study illustrate the nature of theory building along with an interpretation of the themes as they reflect on public administration.

Bonadonna, Angelo. "Kenneth Burke's Comedy of Motives." Dissertation. University of Illinois at Chicago, 1994. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1266A

Bonner, T. Rev. of The Selected Correspondence of Kenneth Burke and Malcolm Cowley, 1915-1981 by Paul Jay, ed. Choice 27 (1990).

Booth, Wayne. Critical Understanding: The Powers and Limits of Pluralism. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979.

Booth, Wayne C. "Kenneth Burke's Way of Knowing." Critical Inquiry 1 (1974): 1-22.

---. "The Many Voices of Kenneth Burke, Theologian and Prophet, as Revealed in His Letters to Me." Unending Conversations: New Writings by and About Kenneth Burke. Ed. Creig R. Henderson and David Cratis Williams. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2001. 179-201.

Borchers, Timothy A. "The Rhetorical Construction of Allegations of Political Corruption in Case Studies of Nixon, Carter, Reagan, and Clinton (Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton)." DAI 57.04A (1996): 269.

Every United States President has faced allegations of political corruption. While President Richard Nixon has been the only president to resign in the face of charges that he committed crimes while in office, every other president has evaded charges of corruption and fulfilled his term. Some acts of corruption, then, are perceived by the public to be more serious than others. This dissertation describes and interprets the process by which charges of corruption become meaningful to the public. A method developed by Bruce Gronbeck, and based largely on the work of Kenneth Burke, serves as the critical lens for the study. The author analyzes political corruption in four presidencies: Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton. Media coverage in Newsweek, presidential speeches, and accusative rhetoric is examined. The data is analyzed on three levels: the evidentiary level, the rhetorical level, and the narrative level. The author concludes that acts of corruption become meaningful through the media's interpretation of instances of corruption. In the final chapter, the critic advances seven arguments. First, the media establish a non-negotiated rhetorical standard for judging the merits of allegations of corruption. That is, an accused corrupter is judged by the media based on how honest he or she appears and not in relation to a legal standard. Second, the media structure events in a narrative form, which influences the governing process. The media search for the "smoking gun" evidence that indicates that the politician did something illegal. Third, newsmagazines are becoming increasingly interpretive in their reporting of politics. Fourth, accusative rhetoric is filtered by the media and appears to be less significant in shaping dramas than defensive rhetoric. Fifth, rhetorical strategies which evoke political myths are powerful defensive weapons. Sixth, allegations of corruption are most meaningful if they are labeled as culturally significant. Those crimes that are easily abated by institutional reforms do not become significant for the public. Finally, scapegoating, as a rhetorical strategy, is contextually bound. The author concludes by offering suggestions for future research of political corruption.

Bostdorff, Denise Marie. "The Contemporary Presidency and the Rhetoric of Promoted Crisis." DAI 49.03A (1987): 582.

The purpose of this study was to explain the rhetorical characteristics of presidential crisis discourse and how it functions within the larger context of political discourse. The primary research question which guided this study was: What rhetorical characteristics typify the crisis discourse of Kennedy on Cuba, Johnson on Tonkin Gulf, Nixon on Cambodia, Ford on the Mayaguez, Carter on Iran, and Reagan on Grenada? To answer this question, a second and corollary purpose of this study was to refine a method which permits the close, textual analysis of discourse and the comparison of that discourse with other rhetoric. This dissertation first isolated the four major ways in which such "generic criticism" has been conducted in the past: neo-Aristotelian, formal, factoral, and social action approaches. To improve upon previous efforts, this study then integrated the theory of dramatism with generic principles to provide a cogent method for the study and comparison of the grammar (situation, substance, style) and the rhetoric (identificational appeals) of discourse. This method was applied to the crisis discourse of Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan. The results of this critical application showed that contemporary presidents, indeed, talked about foreign crises in very similar ways. The ratios of terms for scene-purpose and scene-act regularly characterized the "situation" of crisis discourse. Crisis promoters also tended to substantiate their talk with highly purposive, directional properties. In addition, presidential rhetors seemed predisposed toward a style in which violent acts functioned as proof of the agent's credibility. Finally, presidents tended to rely upon either antithetical or undeclared implicit appeals in their crisis rhetoric. Each individual case study showed unique rhetorical traits, as well: Kennedy indulged in Cold War rhetoric; Johnson balanced strength and restraint in his discourse; Nixon's talk was full of contradictions and thus exemplified a rhetorical form known as the grotesque; Ford made strategic use of silence and sparse public talk in his crisis promotion; Carter's passive, principled discourse demonstrated his perpetual idealism; and lastly, Reagan portrayed the U.S. as a noble hero with a sacred mission in the world.

Bostdorff, Denise M. "Making Light of James Watt: A Burkean Approach to the Form and Attitude of Political Cartoons." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 43-59.

Bostdorff , Denise M. "Vice Presidential Comedy and the Traditional Female Role: An Examination of the Rhetorical Characteristics of the Vice Presidency." Western Journal of Speech Communication 55 (1991): 1-27.

Bostdorff, Denise M. and Phillip K. Tompkins. "Musical Form and Rhetorical Form: Kenneth Burke's Dial Reviews as Counterpart to Counter Statement." Pre/Text: A Journal of Rhetorical Theory 6.3-4 (1985): 235-52.

Boudreau, Carl Henry. "Human Nature and Language, a Critical Reconstruction of the European Conceptions (Social Theory)." DAI 51.12A (1990): 492.

This dissertation identifies philosophical problems essential to a theory of human nature, language, and the basis of language in human nature. I present solutions to these problems and compare them critically with solutions presented in texts selected from the oeuvres of Descartes, Kant, Marx, Freud, and Levi-Strauss. The emphasis is on cognitive architecture especially as it relates to the link between linguistic structure and the behavior of individuals and societies. I argue for the special relevance of a particular set of structures or analytical categories widely used by theorists including Kenneth Burke, Northrop Frye, Hayden White and others. The investigation as a whole was undertaken and pursued with the theoretical concerns and methodological needs of the social scientist in mind. My approach was strongly influenced, at the outset, by the work of Hayden White and Northrop Frye but was shaped, finally, by a concern to solve basic social theoretical problems.

Bouwkamp, Michelle Laura. "Local Newspapers and the Restoration of Order: Littleton after Columbine (Colorado)." MAI 43.02 (2004): 102.

On the morning of April, 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold walked into the cafeteria of Columbine High School and began a rampage that would leave twelve students and one teacher dead and twenty three other students wounded. This project examined the role local newspapers played in the recovery of the Littleton, Colorado, community in the wake of this tragedy. A rhetorical analysis of all material concerning the shootings contained the The Denver Post and The Denver Rocky Mountain News from the first day of coverage (4/21/99) and continuing for five days (4/25/99) was performed. This analysis employed Kenneth Burke's dramatism, specifically the concept of mortification, to explain the symbolic cleansing of guilt that occurred in the community after the shootings. The study concluded that the local newspapers helped the community identify with the sin that had occurred, labeled the source of the disorder and eradicated it from the community, and detailed renewed community covenants and memorialized the victims to reflect the formation of a new order.

Boyd, Josh. "Organizational Rhetoric Doomed to Fail: R.J. Reynolds and the Principle of Oxymoron." Western Journal of Communication 68 (2004): 45-62.

Boyd, Richard Edward. "The Rhetorical Transformation of Soviet/American War Rhetoric in the U.N. Security Council (United Nations)." DAI 49.01A (1987): 197.

When the Soviet Union sent troops into Afghanistan in 1979 and the United States sent troops into Grenada in 1983, each justified its military action, and each denounced the other's military action before the United Nations Security Council. In the process of justification and denouncement, each created narratives embedded with motives to rhetorically transform its historical and value laden ideology into good reasons for action. This study draws upon three perspectives: Walter R. Fisher's concept of narrative, Phillip Wander's concept of ideological criticism, and Kenneth Burke's concept of dramatism, to uncover the values manifesting the ideological grounding of the narratives. The influence of the United Nations Charter is demonstrated in these articulated positions, as each draws upon national and United Nations' values to construct narratives with fidelity and coherence. In the rhetorical justification each nation grounds its narrative in United Nations' values, but allows historical rivalry and national values to the United Nations Charter. By pitting purpose against purpose, the denouncer cast the military action in violation of the values espoused in the Charter. The rhetorical transformation of war rhetoric embedded with United Nations' values establishes narratives with fidelity and coherence for the United Nations Security Council. For a United Nations representative to ignore these values, is to denounce the organization which allows for multilateral dialogue with most nations of the world.

Branaman, Ann. "Reconsidering Kenneth Burke: His Contributions to the Identity Controversy Symposium on Lost Classics and Their Future in Sociology." The Sociological Quarterly 35.3 (1994): 443-55.

Branco, David J. "Dramaturgical Rhetoric: Erving Goffman's Interactional Theory of Communication-Conduct." DAI 44.08A (1983): 473.

This dissertation posits the rudiments of a dramaturgical rhetorical theory, formulated from an interpretative explication of Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory of communication-conduct in everyday life. The interpretative exposition of Goffman's dramaturgy is derived from classical rhetorical principles and results in the form of a model Goffmanian pentad. The dimensions of this pentad are explicated as grounded in the Goffmanian principles of Stage, Performance, Player, Expression-Control, and Impression-Management. This pentad functions as a grammar of a dramaturgical rhetoric of everyday life. The Goffmanian pentad is developed in conjunction with explications of Kenneth Burke's dramatistic pentad and of a corresponding symbolic interactionist pentad which is posited in the dissertation. The interconnection of the three pentadic analyses serves to demonstrate the theoretical, as opposed to critical, status of Goffman's dramaturgy, and to illustrate the conceptual progress from dramatism through symbolic interactionism to dramaturgy. Each dimension of the Goffmanian pentad also receives a "rhetorical interpretation," an essay that attempts to illustrate the predominant rhetorical elements of the Goffmanian principles and to suggest major critical applications of those principles for the field of rhetorical study. A major element of these rhetorical interpretations is a demonstration of the intimate connection between rhetoric and ideology. The pentadic principles also are the foundation of a set of "pentadic propositions" and a set of "dialectical propositions" which suggest significant implications regarding a possible reconceptualization of rhetoric. This reconceptualization basically views rhetoric as a conserving force or vehicle of social order. The pentadic propositions suggest notions of (1) a rhetoric of place, (2) a rhetoric of conduct, (3) a rhetoric of consciousness, (4) a rhetoric of ethics, and (5) a rhetoric of contact and mystification. Taken together, these propositions chiefly elicit a notion of rhetoric as originatively and principally based in social processes of power and victimage.

Brandes, Rand. "The Dismembering Muse: Seamus Heaney, Ciaran Carson, and Kenneth Burke's 'Four Master Tropes'." Bucknell Review: A Scholarly Journal of Letters, Arts, and Sciences 38.1 (1994): 177-94.

Bremen, Brian. William Carlos Williams and the Diagnostics of Culture. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.

Brereton, John C. Traditions of Inquiry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Bretzius, Stephen. "By Heaven, Thou Echoest Me: Lentricchia, Othello, De Man." Diacritics 17 (1987): 21-32.

Briggs, John C. "Peter Elbow, Kenneth Burke, and the Idea of Magic." JAC: A Journal of Composition Theory 11.2 (1991): 363-75.

Brinton, Crane. "What Is History Review of Attitudes toward History." Rev. of Attitudes Toward History by Kenneth Burke. The Saturday Review of Literature 14 August 1937: 3-4, 11.

Brissett, Dennis and Charles Edgley, eds. Life as Theatre: A Dramaturgical Sourcebook. Chicago: Aldine, 1975.

Brock, Bernard L. "Andy King's Disciplining Burke': A Perspective by Incongruity." American Communication Journal 4.2 (2001).

Brock, Bernard Lee. "A Definition of Four Political Positions and a Description of Their Rhetorical Characteristics." Dissertation. Northwestern University, 1965.

Brock, Bernard L., Kenneth Burke, and Parke G. Burgess. "Dramatism as Ontology or Epistemology: A Symposium." Communication Quarterly 33 (1985): 17-33.

Brock, Bernard L. "Epistemology and Ontology in Kenneth Burke's Dramatism." Communication Quarterly 33 (1985): 93-104.

---. "Evolution of Kenneth Burke�s Criticism and Philosophy of Language." Kenneth Burke and Contemporary European Thought. Ed. Bernard L. Brock. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1995. 1-33.

---. "The Evolution of Kenneth Burke�s Philosophy of Rhetoric: Dialectic between Epistemology and Ontology." Externsions of the Burkeian System. Ed. James W. Chesebro. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1993. 309-28.

---. "Introduction." Kenneth Burke and the 21st Century. Ed. Bernard L. Brock. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. 1-15.

Brock, Bernard L., ed. Kenneth Burke and Contemporary European Thought : Rhetoric in Transition. Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995.

---. Kenneth Burke and the 21st Century. Albany: State U of New York P, 1999.

Brock, Bernard L. "The Limits of the Burkeian System." The Quarterly Journal of Speech 78.3 (1992): 347-48.

---. "Political Speaking: A Burkeian Approach." Critical Responses to Kenneth Burke, 1924-1966. Ed. William H. Rueckert. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969. 444-45.

---. "Rhetorical Criticism: A Burkeian Approach." Methods of Rhetorical Criticism. Ed. Robert Scott and Bernard Brock. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1980. 183-95.

---. "Rhetorical Criticism: A Burkeian Approach Revisited." Methods of Rhetorical Criticism: A 20th-Century Perspective. Ed. Robert L. Scott Bernard L. Brock, and James W. Chesebro. 3d ed. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990. 183-95.

Brock, Bernard L., et al. Public Policy Decision-Making: Systems Analysis and Comparative Advantages Debate. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.

---. Making Sense of Political Ideology: The Power of Language in Democracy. Boulder, CO: Roman & Littlefield, 2005.

Brooks, Ronald Clark, Jr. "Red Scare Rhetoric and Composition: Early Cold War Effects on University Writing Instruction, 1934--1954." DAI 65.05A (2004): 256.

This dissertation investigates composition and communication philosophies and practices from the years 1934–1954. Generally speaking, writing instruction suffered during the Cold War because the political climate reduced humanist teaching to formalist teaching, progressive teaching to permissive teaching, and empiricist teaching to objectivist teaching. In order to illustrate these reductions, I investigate the ways that anticommunist philosophies influenced university epistemologies before and after WWII. A thorough description and analysis of one of the first academic freedom cases in the Cold War (i.e., the University of Washington case) helps outline the precedent for the objectivist turn in university philosophy. The results of this turn are investigated in textbooks by James McCrimmon, and Cleanth Brooks & Robert Penn Warren; in the teaching practices of Theodore Baird and Charlton Laird; in the rhetorical philosophy of Richard Weaver; and in the published responses to anticommunism by the NCTE. I also investigate many of the exceptions to the objectivist turn in writing instruction. These are found in the teaching philosophies of Kenneth Burke, Herbert Weisinger, Albert Kitzhaber, and many of the scholars at the first meetings of the Conference on College Composition and Communication. Finally, I build on the objectives that were presented at the second Conference on College Composition and Communication and argue for a theory of composition based on a progressive vision of democracy. By combining the best elements of humanist, empirical, and progressive teaching philosophies, this vision stands directly against both the internal and external sources of repression that we, as composition teachers, face in our everyday teaching lives.

Brophy, Robert J. "Meditation on Saviours: A Public Odyssey." Robinson Jeffers Newsletter 65 (1984): 5-7.

Brown Broughton, Robin Marie. "Dramatism and the Creation of Meaning for Assisted Suicide in Derek Humphry's "Final Exit": A Burkian Analysis (Kenneth Burke)." DAI 60.12A (1999): 221.

This dissertation serves as a rhetorical analysis of Derek Humphry's best-selling book, Final Exit (1991). The study includes a discussion of Humphry's role within the Right-to-Die Movement, an examination of the differences between the language of medical practitioners and that of Humphry, and a thorough Burkian cluster-agon and pentadic analysis. Also differences between the rhetorical styles and public perception of Humphry and Dr. Jack Kevorkian are considered, as well as Humphry's use of the tragio-comic perspective. The dissertation relied largely on the works of Kenneth Burke, primarily his cluster-agon and pentadic analysis. The cluster-agon analysis consisted of a detailed narrative of Humphry's text—including the identification of representative clusters and the mental imagery associated with such terms. The pentadic analysis included a discussion of the interrelationships between the act-agent and act-purpose ratios at operation in Final Exit. Also, excerpts from the author's interviews with health care professionals were provided. A Burkian dramatistic analysis of Final Exit reveals an overriding emphasis for Humphry on the staging of death by assisted suicide. A prevalence of cluster concepts, such as “graceful death,” “dignified death,” “peaceful death,” and “good death” points to “death with dignity” as Humphry's God Term. Most often used in opposition to “death with dignity,” the cluster “painful death” becomes Humphry's Devil Term. Further, the absence of certain clusters (commit suicide, suicide victim) and the absence of humor within the text offer yet more insight into Humphry's scripting of assisted suicide. The pentadic analysis brings the discussion full circle, pointing not only to Humphry's relation to the text but to possible motives at play. The dissertation concludes by asserting that, for Humphry (who assisted in his former wife's suicide), the text might have served as “cathartic medicine.”

Brown, Janet. "Kenneth Burke and the Mod Donna: The Dramatistic Method Applied to Feminist Criticism." Central States Speech Journal 29 (1978): 138-46.

Brown, Kevin James. "Communicating Face: Exploring Face Performance in an Organizational Society." DAI 61.09A (2000): 324.

In this dissertation I argue that present society is typified by four characteristics. The first characteristic is the collapse of time and space. The second is the breakdown of local unitary performances. These two conditions have given rise to the third characteristic—an increase in uncertainty, ambiguity, and choice. Because of the increased ambiguity about how to be in the world the primary problem for contemporary actors is one of identity. This has produced an increase in organizationally centered identities—the fourth characteristic of present society. The present milieu described by these four characteristics demands an approach to understanding organizations and organizing that is rooted in the day-to-day performance of organizing. To accomplish this sort of understanding I have undertaken an ethnography that examines a sports organization, the Portnuef Valley Rugby Football Club (PVRFC). My struggle to make sense of the organizational performance in the PVRFC has led me to work of Erving Goffman, Kenneth Burke, George Cheney, Peter Manning, and other social action theorists and the dramatistic metaphor. In trying to understand the performance of the PVRFC, it became clear that the club members' performances could be described and understood in terms of the interactive performance of face claims. What was less clear was the reason organizational members choose to affiliate themselves with an organization in which membership incurs heavy social costs. The question of how the actors choose between performative possibilities is answered by optimal distinctiveness theory. As described by Brewer, it provides the answer to what motivates ruggers to embrace a performance that costs them jobs and relationships and often destroys their bodies. I have developed three characteristics that I think define an optimally distinct performance: barriers to entry, significant opportunity costs, and a clear, conventionalized performance. These three characteristics are used to describe and make sense of the performance of membership in the PVRFC. Finally, I explore the implications of viewing organizations as optimally distinct face performances for organizational communication research.

Brown, Merle Elliott. Kenneth Burke. University of Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969.

Browne, Stephen H. "Webster�s Euology and the Tropes of Public Memory." Rhetoric and Political Culture in Nineteenth Century America. Ed. Thomas W. Benson. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State UP, 1997. 39-45.

Brummett, Barry. Rev. of Realism and Relativism: A Perspective on Kenneth Burke by Robert Heath. The Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 359-60.

---. Rev. of Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivity, Postmodernism by Robert Wess. The Quarterly Journal of Speech 83 (1997): 484-85.

---. "Electric Literature as Equipment for Living: Haunted House Films." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985): 247-61.

---. "Introduction." Landmark Essays on Kenneth Burke. Ed. Barry Brummett. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1993. xi-xix.

---. "Kenneth Burke's Symbolic Trinity." Philosophy and Rhetoric 28.3 (1995): 234-51.

---. Landmark Essays on Kenneth Burke. Davis, CA: Hermagoras P, 1993.

---. "Perfection and the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Teleology, and Motives." Journal of Communication 39.1 (1989): 85-95.

---. "Presidential Substance: The Address of August 15, 1973." Western Journal of Communication 39 (1975): 249-59.

---. "Speculations on the Discovery of a Burkean Blunder." Rhetoric Review 14.1 (1995): 221-25.

Brummett, Barry, and Anna M. Young. "Burke in the Fields: Some Uses of Burke in Communication Studies." KB Journal 2.2 (2006). A review of works about Kenneth Burke and his ideas in communication Studies.

Bruner, Jerome. "Life as Narrative." Social Research 71.3 (2004): 691-710. The article discusses the author's observation on life as a narrative. The author discusses the nature of thought, and says that "word making" is the principal function of the mind. He argues that there is no other way of describing "lived time" save in the form of a narrative, and that the mimesis between life and narrative is a two way affair. He relates the ideas about narrative to the analysis of autobiographies, and provides information on culture and autobiography. Explanation on psychic geography is also presented.

Bruner, Michael S. "The 1982 Falklands/Malvinas War: A Case Study in Public Argument." Argumentation: Analysis and Practices. Ed. Frans H. van Eemeren. Dordrecht: Foris, 1987. 253-60.

Bryski, Bruce Gregory. "The Rhetoric of Television News: "60 Minutes" As Media Persuasion." DAI 49.10A (1988): 394.

The controlling question in this study was: What specific verbal and visual strategies (substantive, situational, formal, and stylistic) does the 60 MINUTES newsmagazine use to construct a visually persuasive, symbolic reality? To address this question, eight verbal and visual strategies functioning as critical frameworks or methodological yardsticks in the explication of 60 Minutes were introduced. The four verbal strategies included the formulation of storylines or themes, the use of ideological (value-laden) or "loaded" language, qualitative and quantitative dimensions of "script time" and "percentage of dialogue," and the generation and selection of interview questions. The four visual strategies formulated were the use of graphics, iconography, and visual signifiers, qualitative and quantitative dimensions of "camera time," placement and juxtaposition of camera shots and camera angles, and the interaction of verbal and visual imagery. The strategies were also used to examine such central issues as "bias" versus "balance" in television newscasting, implications of imposing "print" characteristics on a visual medium, and the emphasis on qualitative, as well as quantitative measures of media rhetoric. After the eight verbal and visual strategies were generated and applied to the 60 Minutes "text," the theoretical frameworks of dramatism, semiology, and ethnomethodology were introduced. The dramatistic or Burkean perspective was examined as a viable extension for semiological analysis. The study also incorporated the ethnomethodological techniques of intensive, unstructured interviews with the producers, editors, and cinematographers at 60 Minutes, as well as the direct, albeit limited observations of the newsmagazine's operation after gaining entry in March of 1984. The 60 Minutes newsmagazine was examined as a persuasive media form, often containing an "unbalanced dialectic" in the typical investigative segment or story. 60 Minutes is "de-rhetorical" in nature; it functions as rhetoric or media persuasion, but does not, or cannot, accept the obligations of rhetoric as symbolic inducement. 60 Minutes functions as organizationally produced rhetoric which incorporates verbal and visual strategies and techniques emanating from writing, filming, and editing practices of skilled professionals, to symbolically construct reality for a larger, heterogeneous audience.

Buchanan, Richard. "Children of the Moving Present: The Ecology of Culture and the Search for Causes in Design." Design Issues 17.1 (2001): 67-84.

Discusses the ecology of culture and the search for causes in design. Concept of the ecology of culture in the speculation of the future; Description of strategic planning and scenario building; Issues for the philosophical understanding of design; Details on the generative principles in the ecology of design culture.

Buchholz, Douglas Bernard. "Stages in the Development of American Realism: A Lukacsian Perspective (Parrington, Howells, Dos Passos, Lukacs)." DAI 51.01A (1989): 547.

This study extends and develops Georg Lukacs' mature literary theory with respect to American realism. Chapter I surveys previous general studies, beginning with V. L. Parrington's Main Currents in American Thought. I compare Parrington's lack of an adequate theory of realism to similar limitations of the work of Granville Hicks and V. F. Calverton, the two most prominent early-twentieth-century American Marxist critics. All of these critics failed to distinguish rigorously between realism, naturalism and romance. I argue that Georg Lukacs' theory of realism, developed during the early 1930s but unavailable to American critics, provided for the possibility of such a distinction. The remainder of Chapter I measures the consequences of Lukacs' lack of an American readership. Since the decline of sociohistorical criticism after 1940, U.S. literary scholarship has been dominated by ahistorical formalism. By analyzing representative works of Erich Auerbach and Rene Wellek, I demonstrate that postwar formalism further obscured the representational problems posed by fictional realism. Through discussions of the work of Kenneth Burke and Fredric Jameson, I show that the dominance of formalism and idealism over the work of recent critics vitiates their efforts to revive materialist criticism. Chapters II through IV provides a systematic response to the methodological problems discussed in Chapter I. Chapter II examines the fictional work of James Fenimore Cooper, especially the Leatherstocking Tales, and elaborates on Lukacs' brief discussion of these texts in The Historical Novel. I argue that Cooper's importance as a historical realist has been obscured by the formalist tradition of "myth criticism." Chapter III ana